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“水錘效(xiao)應”（Water hammer effect )

是(shi)指當打(da)開的閥(fá)門突然(ran)關閉，由(you)于壓力(li)水流的(de)慣性⛱️，産(chan)生🐪水流(liú)沖擊波(bo)，并産生(sheng)破壞作(zuò)用，這就(jiu)是水利(li)學當中(zhong)的“水錘效(xiao)應”，也就是(shì)正水錘(chuí)。

It refers to that when the open valve is suddenly closed, due to the inertia of pressure water flow, water flow shock wave is generated and destructive effect is generated. This is the "water hammer effect" in hydraulics, that is, positive water hammer.

相(xiàng)反，關閉(bi)的閥門(men)在突然(rán)打開後(hòu)，也會産(chǎn)生水錘(chuí)，叫負水(shui)錘，也有(you)💞一定的(de)破壞力(lì)，但沒有(you)前者大(da)。

On the contrary, after the closed valve is suddenly opened, it will also produce a water hammer, called negative water hammer, which also has a certain destructive force, but it is not as big as the former.

水(shuǐ)錘效應(yīng)就好像(xiàng)是追尾(wěi)，最前面(miàn)的車突(tū)然停車(che)了，為後(hòu)面的車(che)未及時(shí)發現，從(cong)而造成(chéng)了連環(huan)追尾事(shì)故，緻使(shǐ)最🌏前面(mian)的車💚破(pò)壞嚴重(zhong)。水錘效(xiào)應就是(shì)與這個(gè)類似。

The water hammer effect is like a rear end collision. The front car suddenly stopped because the rear car was not found in time, resulting in a series of rear end accidents and serious damage to the front car. The water hammer effect is similar to this.

通常，在(zài)閥門接(jie)近關閉(bì)時閉合(he)元件突(tū)然吸入(ru)閥座，稱(cheng)為溶缸(gang)閉鎖效(xiao)應。

溶缸閉(bi)鎖效應(yīng)是由低(di)推力執(zhi)行機構(gòu)所造成(cheng)的，該⭐執(zhí)行機構(gòu)沒🌈有足(zu)夠的推(tuī)力以保(bao)持在接(jie)近閥座(zuò)的位置(zhi)，導緻泵(beng)的🌈突然(rán)關閉或(huò)閥門的(de)突然關(guān)閉，從而(er)🎯産生水(shuǐ)錘效應(ying)。對于控(kòng)制閥，在(zài)🤟某些情(qing)♉況下，快(kuai)開型流(liu)量特性(xing)的閥門(men)也能導(dao)緻水錘(chui)效應。

Usually, when the valve is close to closing, the closing element suddenly sucks into the valve seat, which is called the cylinder locking effect.

The locking effect of the dissolving cylinder is caused by the low thrust actuator, which does not have enough thrust to keep close to the valve seat, resulting in the sudden closure of the pump or the sudden closure of the valve, resulting in water hammer effect. For control valves, in some cases, valves with fast opening flow characteristics can also cause water hammer effect.

雖然(ran)水錘産(chan)生很大(dà)的噪音(yīn)，但真正(zhèng)的損害(hai)是由機(ji)械失效(xiào)造成🈲的(de)。因為由(you)動能急(ji)劇地變(biàn)化成靜(jìng)态的管(guǎn)線壓力(li)，水錘會(huì)沖破管(guan)線或損(sǔn)傷管子(zǐ)支架和(hé)損害管(guan)線🈚接頭(tou)。對于閥(fa)門，水錘(chuí)能夠通(tōng)過閥芯(xin)産生嚴(yan)🤩重振動(dòng)，它可能(néng)導緻💚閥(fa)芯、墊片(pian)或填料(liao)的失效(xiao)。

Although the water hammer makes a lot of noise, the real damage is caused by mechanical failure. Because of the sharp change from kinetic energy to static pipeline pressure, water hammer will break through the pipeline or damage the pipe support and pipeline joint. For valves, water hammer can produce serious vibration through the valve core, which may lead to the failure of the valve core, gasket or packing.

對(dui)于閥門(men)，防(fang)止水錘(chui)的辦法(fa)是防止系(xì)統任何(he)突然的(de)壓力變(biàn)化。

For valve,the way toprevent water hammer is to prevent any sudden any pressure changes in the system.

包括放(fàng)慢閥門(men)本身的(de)關閉速(sù)度或當(dang)閉合元(yuan)件接🤟近(jìn)閥💋座時(shi)提📞供較(jiao)大程度(dù)的拉力(lì)和剛性(xìng)。為防止(zhi)壓力波(bo)♉動，閥門(mén)應以均(jun1)勻變動(dòng)的速度(dù)進行關(guān)閉。在某(mǒu)🎯些情況(kuàng)下，當使(shǐ)用快開(kāi)特性，可(kě)以要求(qiú)改變為(wei)等百分(fèn)比特性(xing)。對于在(zài)接近閥(fá)座時🛀必(bì)須節流(liu)的控制(zhì)閥，應當(dāng)使用輸(shū)出推力(lì)足夠大(dà)的執行(hang)機構，如(rú)活塞式(shì)氣動執(zhí)行機構(gou)或液壓(ya)執行機(ji)構，或在(zài)手動旋(xuan)轉的⛹🏻‍♀️操(cāo)作器的(de)行程套(tao)管上設(shè)置特殊(shu)缺口，将(jiāng)減少或(huo)防止溶(róng)缸閉鎖(suo)效應。在(zài)管線系(xi)統上設(shè)置某種(zhǒng)類型的(de)防波動(dòng)措施也(ye)能減少(shao)⛱️水錘。可(kě)使用壓(yā)力洩放(fàng)閥或緩(huan)沖桶完(wán)成。此外(wài)氣體可(kě)⭐被注入(rù)系統内(nèi)💃，氣體的(de)注入能(néng)減少流(liu)體的密(mì)度并提(ti)供某些(xie)壓縮性(xìng)以處理(li)任何♻️突(tū)然的波(bo)動。

This includes slowing down the closing speed of the valve itself or providing a greater degree of tension and rigidity when the closing element approaches the valve seat. In order to prevent pressure fluctuation, the valve shall be closed at a uniform change speed. In some cases, when the quick open feature is used, it can be required to change to the equal percentage feature. For the control valve that must be throttled when approaching the valve seat, an actuator with sufficient output thrust, such as piston pneumatic actuator or hydraulic actuator, or a special notch shall be set on the stroke sleeve of the manually rotating operator, which will reduce or prevent the cylinder locking effect. Setting some type of anti fluctuation measures on the pipeline system can also reduce water hammer. This can be done using a pressure relief valve or a buffer drum. In addition, gas can be injected into the system, which can reduce the density of the fluid and provide some compressibility to deal with any sudden fluctuations.

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